Analytical Reasoning

Since all snakes are reptiles and no reptiles are warm-blooded, it logically follows that no snakes are warm-blooded.

Given that all A's are B's and no B's are C's, it logically follows that no A's can be C's because A's are a subset of B's, and B's do not overlap with C's.

The original statement is a conditional: If it is a holiday, then the office is closed. The contrapositive is: If the office is open, then it is not a holiday. Since the office is open, we conclude it is not a holiday.

The premises state that all managers are employees and some employees are part-time workers, but they do not specify any relationship between managers and part-time workers. Therefore, none of the statements A, B, or C must be true based on the given information.

Since all judges are lawyers and only some lawyers are politicians, there is no definite information about whether any judges are politicians. Therefore, none of the options A, B, or C can be conclusively deduced.

The contrapositive of the statement 'If P, then Q' is 'If not Q, then not P.' This form is logically equivalent to the original conditional statement, meaning both have the same truth value in all cases.

Since 14 is an even number and all even numbers are divisible by 2, it logically follows that 14 is divisible by 2.

The statement uses an exclusive or (XOR) condition, meaning exactly one of John or Mary attends the meeting. Since John attended, Mary did not attend, making option B correct.

Since all squares are rectangles, any figure that is not a rectangle cannot be a square. Figure X is not a rectangle, so it cannot be a square.

The statement 'If it is winter, it is cold' means winter guarantees cold, but cold does not guarantee winter. Therefore, from 'It is cold,' we cannot definitively conclude the season; it might or might not be winter. This illustrates the fallacy of affirming the consequent.