Biology

Digestion of food is completed in the small intestine where enzymes break down nutrients for absorption. The stomach initiates digestion, and the large intestine mainly absorbs water and forms feces.

Pomology is the branch of science that deals with the study and cultivation of fruits, making option B the correct answer. It focuses on fruit growing and management.

A fox's offspring is called a cub, and a group of foxes is known as a sleuth or leash. This matches the question's description accurately.

In diabetes, high blood sugar levels lead to excess glucose being filtered into the urine, causing glycosuria (presence of sugar in urine). This is a key diagnostic feature of diabetes.

The giant panda is native to China, primarily inhabiting mountain ranges in central China such as Sichuan. None of the other countries listed are natural habitats for the giant panda.

Leopard seals are known to hunt penguins by rocking the ice floes on which penguins rest, causing them to slip into the water where the seal can catch them. Blue whales are filter feeders and do not hunt penguins, and killer whales do hunt penguins but do not use this specific hunting method.

Sea urchins primarily feed on seaweed and other types of algae. They use their specialized mouthparts to scrape algae off rocks and surfaces in their marine environment.

Male mosquitoes do not feed on blood; instead, they feed on nectar and other plant sugars for energy. Only female mosquitoes suck blood to obtain proteins necessary for egg development.

Reindeer (also known as caribou) are unique among deer species because both males and females grow antlers, unlike most other deer species where only males have antlers.

The word 'dinosaur' comes from the Greek words 'deinos' meaning 'terrible' and 'sauros' meaning 'lizard', thus 'terrible lizard'. None of the other options have names derived from these Greek words.

Angina is a form of heart disease characterized by inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle, causing chest pain. The other options refer to unrelated conditions: Hepatitis affects the liver, Alopecia is hair loss, and Pericarditis is inflammation of the heart's outer lining.

Adult butterflies, like all insects, have six legs. This is a defining characteristic of insects, distinguishing them from other arthropods.

Edward Jenner is credited with inventing the smallpox vaccine in 1796 by using material from cowpox lesions to create immunity to smallpox. This was the first successful vaccine developed.

The small intestine is the primary site for the absorption of nutrients from digested food due to its large surface area and specialized structures like villi and microvilli. The large intestine mainly absorbs water and electrolytes, while the liver processes nutrients but does not absorb them from food.

Alexander Oparin proposed the theory of chemical evolution, suggesting that life originated from simple organic compounds through gradual chemical processes on early Earth. The other options are incorrect or irrelevant to this theory.

The question asks about the volume of blood pumped by the human heart with each contraction, which is known as the stroke volume and is typically measured in milliliters (mL), not centimeters (cm). The average stroke volume is about 70 mL, so none of the given options with units in cm are correct. Therefore, 'None of these' is the correct answer.

The liver is the largest gland in the human body because it performs numerous vital functions including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. Other options like the pancreas and sweat glands are glands but are smaller in size compared to the liver.

Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell, including one pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of the individual.

Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal-based foods such as fish and meat, so both options A and B are correct, making option C the best choice.

The human adult skeleton typically consists of 206 bones, which include both small and large bones. This is the standard number accepted in human anatomy.

According to authoritative sources including Wikipedia's 'List of mammals of Pakistan', there are approximately 177 mammal species reported in Pakistan. Other sources on wildlife of Pakistan mention around 195 mammal species. The figure 174 is the closest and most widely accepted among the given options, making option A the correct answer.

Vitamin D is primarily needed for the proper absorption of calcium, which is essential for maintaining healthy bones. While it also supports immune function, the key and most direct role is in calcium absorption and bone health, making option C the most accurate answer.

Histology is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic structure of tissues. It focuses on how cells are organized into tissues and how these tissues function.

Bananas are well-known for being rich in potassium, which is an essential mineral for heart and muscle function. Among the options given, banana is the best source of potassium.

Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, making option B the correct answer.