Biology

Arthrology is the branch of science that studies joints, their structure, function, and diseases. The other options refer to different fields: Esthesiology relates to sensation, Splanchnology to internal organs, and Anthropology to human societies and cultures.

Essential thrombocythemia is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the bone marrow producing too many platelets, leading to an increased risk of clotting or bleeding complications.

The adrenal gland produces hormones like adrenaline that are responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response, which is associated with heightened emotions such as fear and excitement.

The Y chromosome is passed from father to son because only males have a Y chromosome, which they inherit from their father. Mothers do not have a Y chromosome to pass on.

Karl Landsteiner discovered the human blood groups in 1901, which was a groundbreaking discovery in medicine. The other options are known for different contributions: Edward Jenner for smallpox vaccine, William Harvey for circulation of blood, and 'Laren' is not a recognized figure in this context.

Ants do not have noses like humans; instead, they use their antennae to detect smells. Therefore, ants have no noses.

The 'great pox' historically refers to syphilis, a sexually transmitted infection that remains active today, unlike smallpox which was eradicated in the 1970s. Bubonic plague and measles are different diseases and not referred to as the 'great pox'.

The macula is a small, specialized area located at the center of the retina in the eye, responsible for central vision and high visual acuity.

The human skull consists of 22 bones in total, but only 14 of these are facial bones. The other 8 are cranial bones. Therefore, the correct number of facial bones is 14, not 22. Option B is correct.

Trachoma is a contagious bacterial infection that affects the eye, specifically the conjunctiva and cornea, leading to blindness if untreated. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Eye'.