Computer Networks

A patch is a free software update or fix provided to repair bugs or vulnerabilities in software. It is commonly distributed over the internet at no cost to users.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is the standard protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses to clients connected to a network, including the internet. The other options are either incorrect or unrelated protocols.

LAN stands for Local Area Network, which is a network that connects computers within a limited area such as a home, school, or office building. This distinguishes it from other types of networks like Wide Area Networks (WAN).

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which is a fundamental protocol in computer networks responsible for reliable data transmission.

A top-level domain (TLD) is the last segment of a domain name, such as .com, .org, or .net. Among the options, .com is a valid TLD, while Http and HTML are not domain levels but protocols and markup languages respectively.

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which is a fundamental protocol in computer networks used for reliable data transmission.

An IP address consists of four numbers separated by dots, each called an octet because it represents 8 bits. Therefore, the four numbers in an IP address are called octets.

TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which is a fundamental protocol in the Internet protocol suite responsible for reliable data transmission.

An IP address consists of four numbers called octets, each representing 8 bits. The term 'octet' is standard in networking to describe these 8-bit segments.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol used to send emails between hosts on a network. FTP is for file transfer, TELNET is for remote login, and 'None of these' is incorrect.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is specifically designed for transferring files between computers over a network, making 'File transfer' the correct purpose. Other options like web browsing, caching, or refreshing are unrelated to FTP's main function.

Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn are credited with developing TCP/IP, the fundamental protocols that underpin internet communication. The other options list notable figures in computing but are not associated with TCP/IP's creation.

BSNL is a telecommunications company and not a technical term used in intranet networking, whereas IP, HTTP, and TCP are standard protocols and terms commonly used within intranets.

A protocol is a set of rules or procedures that govern data communication between devices, ensuring proper data transfer and interpretation. Therefore, 'Protocol' is the correct answer.

Client-Server Networks are more scalable and suitable for large organizations because they centralize resources and management, allowing for better control, security, and support for many clients. Peer-to-Peer and other listed networks are less scalable for large-scale use.

An RJ45 cable, commonly used for Ethernet networking, contains 4 twisted pairs of wires, totaling 8 wires. This design helps reduce electromagnetic interference and crosstalk.

Multiplexing is the technique used to send multiple calls or data streams over a single communication line by combining them into one signal, making option D correct.

Circuit switching involves establishing a dedicated communication path between two nodes for the duration of the communication session, ensuring a constant and exclusive connection. This contrasts with packet switching, where data is sent in packets over shared networks without a dedicated path.

Packet switching divides data into packets that are sent independently over the network, as used in Internet communication like email and web browsing. This contrasts with circuit switching, which establishes a dedicated path, as in landline telephone calls.

Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two parties for the duration of the connection, which is characteristic of traditional telephone calls. The other options use packet switching, where data is sent in packets over shared networks.

A key feature of a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network is that it allows a small number of computers, often fewer than ten, to connect directly and share resources without a dedicated server. Options A and C describe client-server networks, and D is a general networking concept not specific to P2P.

HTTP is an application-layer protocol used for transmitting hypertext requests and information on the web, which corresponds to the Application Layer (Layer 7) of the OSI model.

Packet switching reduces bandwidth usage by dividing data into packets that share network paths dynamically, unlike circuit switching which requires a dedicated path for the entire communication session. This makes packet switching more efficient and flexible.

In a client-server network, some computers are designated as servers that provide resources or services, while others act as clients that request and use those services. This is the primary characteristic distinguishing it from peer-to-peer networks.

In packet switching, data is divided into packets of fixed or variable size, which are transmitted independently over the network. This contrasts with circuit switching, where a dedicated continuous channel is established.