History

Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement by violating the Salt Laws, notably through the Salt March in 1930, to protest British salt monopoly and taxation.

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the Translation Society, which was later renamed the Scientific Society, in 1864 in Aligarh. The society aimed to translate Western scientific and literary works into Urdu to promote modern education among Indian Muslims. Although Sir Syed had earlier postings in places like Bijnaur and Ghazipur, the founding of the Scientific Society took place in Aligarh, which later became the center of his educational reform movement, including the establishment of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College (later Aligarh Muslim University).

The First Battle of Tarain (1191) was fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan. This battle marked a significant conflict between the invading Ghurid forces led by Mohammad Ghori and the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan.

The British removed the ruler of Awadh (Oudh) on the pretext of misgovernance in 1856, which was a key event leading up to the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Jhansi, Satara, and Nagpur were also annexed but under different pretexts or circumstances.

The Battle of Dharmat was fought on 15 April 1658 near Dharmat in the Malwa region between the forces of Prince Aurangzeb and the imperial army loyal to Dara Shikoh, commanded by Maharaja Jaswant Singh Rathore of Marwar. This battle was part of the Mughal war of succession and marked Aurangzeb's first major victory. Ahmad Shah Durrani and the Marathas were not involved in this battle, nor were Babur and Afghans or Muhammad Ghori and Jai Chand. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh.

During the Indian War of Independence in 1857, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was posted in Bijnaur as a British government official. This position influenced his views and later educational reforms.

During the Mughal period, Surat was famously known as Babul Makka (Gate of Makkah) because it was a major port for pilgrims traveling to Mecca. The other ports listed were important but did not carry this specific title.

Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi was the founder and the first principal of Darul Uloom Deoband, not Maulana Mamluk Ali. Therefore, option A is correct. The other options are incorrect or irrelevant to this historical fact.

The last major territorial expansion of British India occurred under Lord Dalhousie's tenure as Governor-General (1848-1856), who implemented the Doctrine of Lapse and annexed several princely states, significantly extending British control.

Mughal painting is widely regarded to have reached its peak under Emperor Jahangir, who was a great patron of the arts and encouraged detailed and naturalistic styles in painting.