Physics

Supernova explosions are connected to cosmic rays, pulsars, and the formation of heavy elements, as these phenomena are either produced by or result from supernovae. Quasars, however, are active galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes and are not directly related to supernova explosions.

The long pole carried by a tight-rope walker helps to keep the center of gravity low and allows the walker to maintain balance by keeping the center of gravity vertically above the rope. This stabilizes the walker and prevents falls.

The man feels comfortable despite the high atmospheric pressure because an equal and opposite pressure acts from inside his body, balancing the external pressure and preventing discomfort.

When the lift is in free fall due to failure of its mechanism, the man and the weighing machine are both accelerating downward at the acceleration due to gravity, resulting in apparent weightlessness and the weighing machine showing its minimum reading, effectively zero.

The period of a pendulum is proportional to the square root of its length. Reducing the length of the rod decreases the period, causing the pendulum to swing faster and thus speed up the clock.

Einstein's general theory of relativity implies that the universe cannot be static; it must be either expanding or contracting due to the dynamic nature of spacetime. This was later confirmed by observations of cosmic expansion.

Alessandro Volta invented the first true battery, known as the Voltaic pile, in 1800. This invention marked the beginning of electrochemistry and provided a continuous source of electric current.

The gravitational pull on the lunar surface is approximately 1/6th that of Earth's gravity because the Moon's mass and radius are much smaller than Earth's, resulting in weaker surface gravity.

One gram weight exerts a force due to gravity approximately equal to 981 dynes, since 1 dyne is the force required to accelerate 1 gram at 1 cm/s² and standard gravity is about 980 cm/s².

The Planck satellite mission, which measured the cosmic microwave background radiation, estimated the age of the universe to be approximately 13.8 billion years in 2013. This value is consistent with option A, while the other options correspond to ages of the Earth or solar system, not the universe.