Physics

Einstein's equation E = mc² expresses the equivalence of mass and energy, stating that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light squared (c²). It does not describe how mass changes with speed. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect, making 'None of the above' the correct choice.

Kinetic energy (KE) is given by KE = p^2/(2m), where p is momentum. If momentum is doubled, KE increases by a factor of 2^2 = 4, so kinetic energy becomes four times the original.

The power of a lens (P) in diopters is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length (f) in meters, i.e., P = 1/f. Therefore, if the power is 1 diopter, the focal length must be 1 meter.

The visible spectrum of light ranges approximately from 3900 to 7600 angstroms, which corresponds to wavelengths visible to the human eye. This range covers violet to red light.

The SI unit of heat is the joule (J), which is the standard unit of energy in the International System of Units. Heat is a form of energy transfer, so it shares the same unit as energy.

A shunt is a low resistance path that allows current to bypass a part of a circuit, commonly used to divert current around a component.

A vector with magnitude one is defined as a unit vector. It is used to indicate direction without affecting magnitude.

Due to relative motion between an observer and a frame of reference, time intervals measured in the moving frame appear longer (dilated) to the observer. This phenomenon is known as time dilation in special relativity.

The international prototype kilogram, historically kept near Paris, is a platinum-iridium cylinder with a mass of exactly 1 kilogram. This standard was used to define the kilogram until the redefinition based on physical constants.

In a stationary (standing) wave, nodes are points of zero displacement and antinodes are points of maximum displacement. The distance between two consecutive nodes or two consecutive antinodes is half the wavelength (λ/2). The distance between a node and the adjacent antinode is λ/4. Since the question asks for the distance between any two consecutive nodes or antinodes, the correct answer is λ/2, which corresponds to option B.