Vitamins and Nutrition

Over-cooking food reduces its nutritional value by destroying heat-sensitive vitamins and nutrients, making option B the most accurate reason to avoid over-cooking. While over-cooking can affect digestibility and potentially produce harmful substances, the primary concern is nutrient loss.

Fiber helps in preventing constipation by adding bulk to the stool and facilitating its passage through the digestive tract, thus promoting regular bowel movements.

Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, a disease characterized by bleeding gums, weakness, and bruising. The other options are caused by deficiencies of different vitamins or nutrients.

Vitamin C is essential for the growth and repair of tissues because it helps in the synthesis of collagen, an important protein for skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels.

Vitamin D is chemically known as Calciferol. Retinol is vitamin A, and Tocopherol is vitamin E, so option B is correct.

Casimir Funk is credited with coining the term 'vitamine' and discovering vitamins as essential nutrients, making him the correct answer.

Vitamin B complex is a group of water-soluble vitamins, unlike vitamins A, D, and K, which are fat-soluble. Therefore, Vitamin B complex is not fat soluble.

Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is essential for the synthesis of collagen. Without enough Vitamin C, symptoms like bleeding gums and weakness occur.

Vitamin E is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative damage. It works synergistically with selenium, another antioxidant mineral, to enhance antioxidant enzyme systems such as glutathione peroxidase. This synergistic action means that adequate vitamin E can reduce the body's requirement for selenium. The other minerals listed (iron, zinc, magnesium) do not have a well-established reduced requirement due to vitamin E intake. Therefore, selenium is the correct answer.

Vitamin C is absent in cheese, milk, and rice, so none of these foods contain vitamin C. Therefore, the correct answer is 'None of these' as all listed foods lack vitamin C.

The organic group of minerals is characterized by the presence of hydrocarbons or compounds containing carbon and hydrogen. Silicate, oxide, and hydride groups do not chemically contain hydrocarbons.

Vitamin B12 contains cobalt as a central metal ion in its structure, which is essential for its biological activity. The other options do not contain cobalt.

Meat primarily consists of proteins and fats and contains negligible carbohydrates, unlike rice, potato, and milk which all contain carbohydrates. Therefore, meat is the correct answer as it does not contain carbohydrates.

Retinol is the chemical name for Vitamin A, which is essential for vision, growth, and immune function. The other options correspond to different vitamins with distinct chemical names.

Vitamin B-6 is known as Pyridoxine. It plays an important role in metabolism and brain function, distinguishing it from other B vitamins such as B-1 (Thiamine), B-2 (Riboflavin), and B-12 (Cobalamin).

Vitamin B-7 is known as Biotin. It plays an important role in metabolism and is essential for healthy skin, hair, and nails.

Vitamin E is chemically known as tocopherol. The other options correspond to different vitamins: Calciferol is vitamin D, Riboflavin is vitamin B2, and Phylloquinone is vitamin K1.

Vitamin B-9 is commonly known as Folate. It plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis and repair, making option B the correct answer.

Vitamin B-12 is known as Cobalamin because it contains the metal cobalt in its structure, which is unique among vitamins. This distinguishes it from other B vitamins such as B-1 (Thiamine), B-3 (Niacin), and B-9 (Folic acid).

Vitamin B-2 is known as Riboflavin. It plays a key role in energy production and the metabolism of fats, drugs, and steroids.

Vitamin B-9 is commonly known as folate, which is essential for DNA synthesis and cell growth. The other options correspond to different vitamins with distinct functions.

Carbohydrates are the body's primary and quickest source of energy because they are easily broken down into glucose, which cells use for fuel. Minerals and vitamins do not provide energy, and 'None of these' is incorrect.

Vitamins help protect the body from diseases by supporting the immune system and maintaining overall health. Minerals and carbohydrates do not primarily serve this protective function.

Pure limestone is primarily composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which is the main chemical constituent of limestone. Therefore, the correct answer is Calcium Carbonate.

Vitamin D deficiency leads to poor calcium absorption, causing bone diseases such as osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures.