History

The Sumerian civilization is widely regarded as the oldest known civilization in the world, emerging in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE. It predates the other listed civilizations, which appeared later in history.

Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, was imprisoned by the British and exiled to Rangoon (now Yangon, Myanmar) after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where he died in captivity.

Benito Mussolini was the founder and leader of the Fascist Party in Italy, which is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect as the People Republic is not a party, the National Socialist Party refers to the German Nazi Party, and 'None of these' is incorrect.

Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, led military campaigns against the Moors in Spain around 778 AD, including the famous Battle of Roncevaux Pass. Therefore, he is the correct answer for the French king who attacked Spain in that period.

Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan Mehmed II, in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and a significant moment in world history.

The Abbasid Dynasty ruled from 750 CE to 1258 CE, which is just over five centuries. This duration makes option A the correct answer.

The fall of Constantinople occurred on 29 May 1453 when the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, captured the city, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) was the post-World War I agreement that dealt with the partitioning and fragmentation of the Ottoman Empire, leading to significant territorial losses. The other treaties relate to different countries and contexts.

The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 and officially ended in 1922 with the abolition of the sultanate, making option C the correct time period.

Shah Jahan shifted the capital of the Mughal Empire from Agra to Delhi, where he built the new city of Shahjahanabad, which is now Old Delhi.