History

Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938 and thus was effectively part of the Axis powers, but many Austrians also fought with the Allies, especially in resistance movements and after the war started. Italy and Japan were Axis powers only, and Poland fought solely with the Allies. Therefore, Austria is the best answer as it was involved on both sides in different capacities.

The Fatimid Caliphate officially ended in 1171 AD when the last Fatimid caliph died and Saladin, who had become the real power in Egypt, formally abolished the Fatimid Caliphate and established the Ayyubid dynasty. This is well documented in authoritative historical sources such as the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Therefore, the correct answer is 1171 AD, which corresponds to option C.

The Crimean War was fought primarily between Russia and an alliance including the Ottoman Empire, Britain, France, and Sardinia from 1853 to 1856. Therefore, the correct answer is Russia and Ottomans.

European rulers captured Jerusalem, a key city in Palestine, during the First Crusade in 1099. This event marked the establishment of Crusader states in the region.

The fall of Granada occurred in 1492 A.D., marking the end of the Reconquista and the completion of the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula.

Muhammad bin Qasim, the Umayyad general who led the conquest of Sindh, died in 716 AD. Historical records generally agree on the year 716 AD for his death, making option B correct.

Al-Adid was the last Fatimid Caliph, reigning from 1160 to 1171, before the Fatimid Caliphate ended. The other options were either earlier caliphs or prominent figures but not the last caliph.

Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak is known as the founder or 'father' of the Slave dynasty in India, as he established the dynasty after the death of Muhammad Ghori.

Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to issue regular currency and formally declare Delhi as the capital of his empire, consolidating the Delhi Sultanate's power. Amar Shah and Balban did not perform these specific actions first.

Jawaharlal Nehru was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1946, leading the party during a crucial period before India's independence in 1947. The other options are either misspelled or incorrect individuals for that year.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror (Fateh), captured Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine (Roman) Empire, in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and a significant moment in world history.

Sultan Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire, was the son of Ertugrul Ghazi, a leader of the Kayi tribe of the Oghuz Turks. This is a well-established historical fact.

The Ottoman Empire was founded by the Ottoman Turks, who originated from the Kayı tribe, a branch of the Oghuz Turks that migrated from Central Asia into Anatolia. Osman I, a leader of the Kayı tribe, established the Ottoman beylik in the region of Söğüt in Anatolia around 1299. While the empire was founded in Anatolia (Asia Minor), the tribe itself originated from Central Asia. Therefore, the correct answer is D, Central Asia, as it refers to the tribal origin rather than the geographic location of the empire's founding.

Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia from 336 BC until his death in 323 BC. He is historically known for his conquests that spread Greek culture across three continents.

George Campbell was a British colonial administrator who served as the Governor of Bengal from 1871 to 1874. This role is historically accurate and distinguishes him from other positions listed.

World War 1 was won by the Allied Powers, which included the U.S.A, U.K, and France among others. Germany was part of the Central Powers, which lost the war.

Shah Jahan shifted the capital of the Mughal Empire from Agra to Delhi, where he built the new city of Shahjahanabad, which is now Old Delhi.

The Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 and officially ended in 1922 with the abolition of the sultanate, making option C the correct time period.

The Treaty of Sèvres (1920) was the post-World War I agreement that dealt with the partitioning and fragmentation of the Ottoman Empire, leading to significant territorial losses. The other treaties relate to different countries and contexts.

The fall of Constantinople occurred on 29 May 1453 when the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, captured the city, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire.

The Abbasid Dynasty ruled from 750 CE to 1258 CE, which is just over five centuries. This duration makes option A the correct answer.

Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, led by Sultan Mehmed II, in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and a significant moment in world history.

Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, led military campaigns against the Moors in Spain around 778 AD, including the famous Battle of Roncevaux Pass. Therefore, he is the correct answer for the French king who attacked Spain in that period.

Benito Mussolini was the founder and leader of the Fascist Party in Italy, which is the correct answer. The other options are incorrect as the People Republic is not a party, the National Socialist Party refers to the German Nazi Party, and 'None of these' is incorrect.

Bahadur Shah Zafar, the last Mughal emperor, was imprisoned by the British and exiled to Rangoon (now Yangon, Myanmar) after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, where he died in captivity.