Biology

Mumps is caused by the mumps virus, which is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. It is not caused by fungus, bacteria, or vitamin deficiency.

Hummingbirds are unique among birds because they can fly backwards due to their specialized wing structure and rapid wing beats, which allow them to hover and maneuver precisely.

The maxilla bones are the upper jaw bones in the human skull, forming the upper jaw and holding the upper teeth in place. Therefore, they are found in the jaw.

The uvula is a small fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate, hanging above the throat. It is part of the oral cavity and plays a role in speech and swallowing, confirming that it is located in the throat area.

The ability of the eye to see in the dark is due to rhodopsin, a purple pigment found in the rod cells of the retina that is sensitive to low light levels. Retinene is related but not the pigment responsible for night vision.

The snake is widely recognized as a symbol of medicine, notably represented in the Rod of Asclepius, which features a serpent entwined around a staff and is associated with healing and medical practice.

Tetanus is caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which produces a toxin leading to the disease. The other options are incorrect as tetanus is not caused by a virus, bacteriophage, or Salmonella.

Animals that live in trees, including tree trunks, are called arboreal because 'arboreal' refers to tree-dwelling organisms. The other options refer to animals that fly (volant), live both in water and on land (amphibious), or live in water (aquatic).

Dead red blood cells are primarily removed and stored in the spleen, which acts as a blood filter and recycles old or damaged red blood cells.

The scientific name of humans is Homo sapiens, which is the accepted binomial nomenclature in biological classification.

People with blood type O negative (O-) lack A, B, and Rh antigens, making their blood compatible with all other blood types, so they are called universal donors.

The umbilical cord typically contains three blood vessels: two arteries and one vein. This structure is essential for transporting oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus and removing waste products.

Penicillin is an antibiotic that specifically targets bacterial infections by interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis. It is not effective against viral infections, and while pneumonia and sepsis can be caused by bacteria, penicillin targets the bacteria themselves rather than the conditions.

An octopus has three hearts: two branchial hearts that pump blood through the gills, and one systemic heart that pumps blood to the rest of the body.

Vitamin E deficiency primarily leads to a weakened immune system and neurological problems due to its antioxidant properties. Sterility is not a common direct effect of vitamin E deficiency.

In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the oviduct (also called the fallopian tube), where the sperm meets the egg after ovulation. The uterus is where the fertilized egg implants and develops, not where fertilization occurs.

The average weight of an adult human brain is approximately 1200 to 1300 grams, which is consistent with scientific measurements. Other options are either too high or too low compared to typical adult brain weights.

Goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, typically caused by iodine deficiency or other thyroid-related disorders, making the thyroid gland the correct association.

A post-mortem examination is medically termed an 'autopsy,' which involves examining a body after death to determine the cause of death or study disease effects.

Hypoglycemia is the medical term for low blood sugar, which occurs when glucose levels in the blood fall below normal. The other options refer to different medical conditions unrelated to blood sugar levels.

Necrosis refers to the death of cells or tissues within a living body due to injury or disease, distinguishing it from other terms like neutrophilia (increase in neutrophils), nephrosis (kidney disorder), and neoplasia (new abnormal growth).

Worms do not have eyes; instead, they sense light and vibrations through their skin. Therefore, the correct answer is 'None'.

Bats have the sharpest hearing ability among the listed animals due to their use of echolocation, which requires extremely sensitive and precise hearing. While the greater wax moth can hear ultrasonic frequencies, bats' hearing is more advanced and specialized for navigation and hunting.

Ischemia refers to an insufficient blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and nutrients needed for cellular metabolism. This distinguishes it from hyperemia (excess blood), hemostasia (blood clotting), and hemorrhage (bleeding).

The average adult human body contains approximately 5 to 7 pints of blood, which is about 4.7 to 5.5 liters. Option D (9 to 12 pints) is an overestimation and not typical for an average adult.