Physics

Einstein's equation E = mc² expresses the equivalence of mass and energy, stating that energy (E) equals mass (m) times the speed of light squared (c²). It does not describe how mass changes with speed. Therefore, options A, B, and C are incorrect, making 'None of the above' the correct choice.

The modern system of navigation satellites is called Navstar, which is the official name for the Global Positioning System (GPS). The other options are unrelated to satellite navigation systems.

Inertia is the property of an object to resist changes in its state of motion, and it depends solely on the mass of the object. Neither velocity, direction, nor time affects inertia.

In the CGS (centimeter-gram-second) system, the unit of force is the dyne, defined as the force required to accelerate a mass of one gram at a rate of one centimeter per second squared. Newton and pound are units from other systems (SI and Imperial respectively).

Optical fiber transmission uses monochromatic light because it minimizes dispersion and attenuation, allowing signals to travel longer distances with less distortion.

Entropy is measured in joules per kelvin (J/K), representing energy dispersal per unit temperature. This unit correctly reflects the physical dimension of entropy.

An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a forward-biased pn-junction device that emits light when current flows through it. A photodiode, on the other hand, is essentially the reverse-biased counterpart of an LED. It operates with reverse polarity and converts incident light (photons) into an electrical current flowing in the opposite direction to the forward current of an LED. When light strikes the reverse-biased photodiode, electron-hole pairs are generated, producing a photocurrent. This makes the photodiode effectively the 'reverse' of an LED in terms of function and operation mode.

When a projectile moves upward, the vertical component of its velocity decreases due to the acceleration of gravity acting downward, slowing the upward motion until it reaches zero at the peak.

An open system can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings, unlike closed systems (which exchange only energy) or isolated systems (which exchange neither).

If the x-component (Ax) of a vector is negative and the y-component (Ay) is positive, the vector lies in the 2nd quadrant. This is because in the Cartesian coordinate system, the 2nd quadrant is defined by negative x-values and positive y-values. Therefore, the correct answer is option A (2nd quadrant). The original correct_answer 'C' (3rd quadrant) is incorrect.

A black body is defined as an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence, without reflecting any. Therefore, it absorbs all radiation entering it.

The distance fallen during the interval between the 1st and 2nd seconds can be found by calculating the distance fallen in 2 seconds minus the distance fallen in 1 second. Using s = 1/2 * g * t^2 with g=10 m/s², s(2) = 20 m and s(1) = 5 m, so the distance in the interval is 20 - 5 = 15 m.

Inertia is a property of matter that depends solely on the mass of the object, not on its velocity. Therefore, both bodies have the same inertia if their masses are equal, regardless of one being at rest and the other moving.

Anti-parallel vectors point in exactly opposite directions, so the angle between them is 180°.

James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, which was a significant advancement in understanding atomic structure. The other scientists listed are known for different contributions: Rutherford for the nuclear model, Bohr for atomic structure, and Einstein for relativity.

The rectangular components of a vector are its projections along two perpendicular axes, typically the x and y axes. Therefore, the angle between these components is always 90° (a right angle).

Power is defined as the rate of doing work or the rate of energy transfer, and its SI unit is the watt (W). Joule is a unit of energy, Newton is a unit of force, and Pascal is a unit of pressure.

Destructive interference occurs when the phase difference between two coherent light sources is an odd multiple of π, with the simplest case being π. This causes the waves to be out of phase and cancel each other out.

Frequency is defined as the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time, and it is the inverse of the time period, which is the duration of one cycle of the event.

Work done is calculated as force multiplied by distance. Given the elevator's weight (force) is 3.5 × 10⁻⁶ N and it is raised to a height of 1000 m, the work done is: Work = Force × Distance = 3.5 × 10⁻⁶ N × 1000 m = 3.5 × 10⁻³ J. This matches option A. The originally given correct answer (B) is incorrect based on the provided values. The weight value is very small for an elevator, but the calculation is straightforward and correct as per the question's data.

Length, mass, time, intensity of light, and amount of substance are fundamental physical quantities that are defined independently and serve as the basis for other measurements; hence, they are called base quantities.

Optics is the branch of physics that studies the nature, properties, and behavior of light, including lenses and mirrors. It does not deal with sound, which is studied under acoustics.

The product of wavelength (λ) and time period (T) is simply λ × T, which does not correspond to frequency or velocity. Velocity (v) of a wave is given by the formula v = wavelength / time period (v = λ / T), or equivalently v = wavelength × frequency (v = λ × f), where frequency f = 1 / T. Therefore, the product λ × T is not velocity or frequency, but just the product of wavelength and time period. Among the given options, the product λ × T is best described as wavelength multiplied by time period, which is option D.

Compton's effect, which describes the increase in wavelength of X-rays when scattered by electrons, was discovered and presented by Arthur Holly Compton, making option C the correct answer.

To find the force applied by the hand, we use the work-energy principle. The work done by the hand (force × distance moved by hand) is converted into the gravitational potential energy gained by the ball when it rises 2 m. The gravitational potential energy increase is m × g × h = 0.2 × 10 × 2 = 4 J. The hand moves 0.2 m while applying the force, so work done by the hand is F × 0.2 = 4 J, giving F = 4 / 0.2 = 20 N. However, this force must also overcome the weight of the ball (mg = 2 N), so the total force applied by the hand is 20 N + 2 N = 22 N. Therefore, the correct answer is 22 N (option A). The original explanation was confusing and inconsistent, but the correct calculation shows the force magnitude is 22 N.