Medieval Indian History and Delhi Sultanate

Sher Shah Suri is historically credited with the construction and extension of the Grand Trunk Road during his rule in medieval India. This road connected various parts of the Indian subcontinent and was a significant infrastructure achievement of that era.

Sher Shah Suri is renowned for his efficient Land Revenue System, which was a significant administrative reform that improved revenue collection and governance during his reign. This system laid the foundation for later revenue systems in India.

Sher Shah Suri was the first to issue the coin called Rupia in the Indian subcontinent during his reign in the 16th century. This coin later influenced the currency systems in the region.

Sher Shah Suri was the Afghan ruler of India known for his efficient administrative system, including reforms in revenue collection and the introduction of the Rupiya currency, which the British later emulated during their rule.

The Slave Dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290, making option B correct. The Khilji dynasty came later, and 'Mangol' is a misspelling of 'Mongol,' which was not a ruling dynasty in Delhi.

The Khilji dynasty ruled the Delhi Sultanate approximately from 1290 to 1320, making option A correct. The Mamluk dynasty preceded it, and the Saddat is not a recognized dynasty in this context.

Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder and the first emperor of the Tughluq dynasty, establishing his rule in the early 14th century. The other options are either from different dynasties or incorrect names.

The First Battle of Tarain (1191) was fought between Mohammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan. This battle marked a significant conflict between the invading Ghurid forces led by Mohammad Ghori and the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan.

The Second Battle of Tarain (1192) was the decisive battle where Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan, opening the Delhi area to his control. This battle marked the beginning of Muslim rule in Northern India.

Feroz Shah Tughlaq is historically known for constructing five canals to alleviate water scarcity and improve irrigation in his kingdom, which was a significant contribution to agricultural development during his reign.

Sikandar Lodi assumed the title 'Sikandar-i-Sani', meaning 'Alexander the Second', reflecting his ambition and military prowess. The other sultans listed did not use this title.

The title 'Lakh Baksh' was given to Sultan Balban, a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, known for his generosity in giving away a lakh (100,000) coins. Therefore, option B is correct.

Al-Beruni accompanied Mahmud Ghaznavi during his invasions of India, which allowed him to study Indian culture and sciences firsthand. The other options are historically incorrect as Al-Beruni did not come with Muhammad Ghouri, Babar, or Allauddin Khilji.

Ghiyasuddin Balban was known for calling himself Naib-e-Khuda (Deputy of God) to emphasize his absolute authority and divine right to rule. This title reflected his strong centralized control during his reign.

Purana Qila in Delhi was primarily built by Firoz Shah Tughlaq in the 14th century. While later rulers made modifications, the original construction is attributed to him, making option C correct.

The 'Chain of Justice' was introduced by Sher Shah Suri to provide a direct and accessible way for his subjects to seek justice from the ruler, bypassing bureaucratic delays. This system involved a chain hung outside the royal court, which people could pull to get the king's attention.

The Jama Masjid at Qutb Minar complex and the Alai Darwaza were constructed in Delhi during Alauddin Khilji's reign, making Delhi the correct location for these monuments.

Al-Biruni came to India in 1018 AD during the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni. Therefore, option D (1018) is the correct answer.

Muhammad Tughluq shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in an attempt to better control the Deccan region. This historical fact is well documented and Daulatabad was the new capital for a brief period.

Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to issue regular currency and officially declare Delhi as the capital of his empire, consolidating the Delhi Sultanate's power. Amar Shah and Balban did not perform these specific acts.

Sultan Balban is known for presenting the 'Theory of Kingship' during the Delhi Sultanate period, emphasizing the divine right and absolute authority of the king. This theory reinforced the centralization of power and the king's role as the ultimate ruler.

Iltutmish was a prominent ruler of the Slave Dynasty, which was the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. Akbar and Humayun were Mughal emperors, and Ahmad Shah Abdali was an Afghan ruler, so they do not belong to the Slave Dynasty.

Iltutmish ruled the Delhi Sultanate from June 1211 to 30 April 1236, which is approximately 25 years. This is confirmed by multiple reliable historical sources including Wikipedia and Britannica. The question asks for the duration of Iltutmish's rule, and the closest correct option is 25 years (option B). The original answer 'None of these' is incorrect because the question clearly refers to Iltutmish's rule duration, not a dynasty. Therefore, the correct answer is B (25 years).

The Slave Dynasty ruled India from 1206 to 1290 AD, which is approximately 82 years. Therefore, option A (82 years) is the correct answer.

Razia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi. She was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, succeeding her father.