Medieval Indian History and Delhi Sultanate

Sher Shah Suri was a Pashtun ruler who founded the Suri Empire in North India in the 16th century. He is historically recognized as a Pashtun leader, making option A correct.

Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, the eldest son of Sultan Iltutmish and governor of Bengal, died in 1229. The Nasir-ud-din Mahmud who was Sultan of Delhi from the Mamluk dynasty died in 1266, but the question refers to Nasir-ud-din Mahmud who died in 1229. Therefore, the correct answer is 1266 is incorrect for this Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. The correct death year for Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (eldest son of Iltutmish) is 1229, which is not among the options. However, the closest historically accurate death year for the Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (also known as Mahmud I of Delhi) is 1266 (option A is 1266). Since the question is ambiguous, but the most commonly referred Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (Sultan of Delhi) died in 1266, the correct answer is 1266 (option A).

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban is known as the 'Darvesh King' due to his austere and disciplined lifestyle, resembling that of a dervish. The other rulers listed do not have this title associated with them.

Bahlul Khan Lodi ascended the throne of the Delhi Sultanate on 19th April 1451, marking the beginning of the Lodi dynasty's rule. This date is historically recognized as the start of his reign.

Historical records confirm that in 1414 AD, Khizr Khan became the Sultan of Delhi, founding the Sayyid dynasty. He ruled from 1414 to 1421. Sikandar Lodi, who is option C, ruled much later from 1489 to 1517 as part of the Lodi dynasty. Bahlul Khan Lodi founded the Lodi dynasty in 1451, and Ibrahim Lodi ruled even later. Therefore, the correct answer for the king of Delhi in 1414 AD is Khizr Khan (option B).

Ibn Battuta visited India during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Tughlaq in the 14th century. He served as a judge in Tughlaq's court and traveled extensively across the Sultanate.

The founder of the Bahmani dynasty was Ala-ud-Din Hasan Bahman Shah, who established the dynasty in 1347. Therefore, option A is correct.

Ghiyas-ud-din Balban died in 1290. He was a prominent ruler of the Delhi Sultanate and his death year is historically recorded as 1290, making option C correct.

The Second Battle of Panipat (1556) was fought between Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (also known as Hemu) and Akbar's forces. This battle was crucial in establishing Akbar's rule in India after the death of Humayun.

The First Battle of Panipat (1526) was fought between Babur and Ibrahim Lodi, marking the beginning of Mughal rule in India. The other options refer to different historical figures or battles.

Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak is known as the founder or 'father' of the Slave dynasty in India, as he established the dynasty after the death of Muhammad Ghori.

Iltutmish was the first Sultan of Delhi to issue regular currency and formally declare Delhi as the capital of his empire, consolidating the Delhi Sultanate's power. Amar Shah and Balban did not perform these specific actions first.

"Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule (712-1764)" was written by Stanley Lane Poole, a noted historian specializing in Islamic history in India. This makes option A the correct answer.

Muhammad Ghauri defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 AD, marking a significant event in Indian history that led to the establishment of Muslim rule in Northern India.

The Mamluk Dynasty, which ruled from 1206 to 1290 in Delhi, was founded by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, a former slave who became the first Sultan of Delhi. He established the dynasty after the death of Muhammad Ghori.

The Samma dynasty was founded in the mid-14th century, around 1336 CE, when Jam Unar established Samma rule over Sindh. The commonly cited year 1350 is close but not the exact founding year. Therefore, none of the given options (1350, 1351, 1352) are precisely correct, making 'None of These' the most accurate answer.