Medieval Indian History and Delhi Sultanate

Razia Sultana ruled the Delhi Sultanate for approximately 4 years, from 1236 to 1240 CE, making option B the correct answer.

Razia Sultana reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for approximately 3 years, from 1236 to 1240. Therefore, option A (3 years) is correct.

Razia Sultana was the daughter of Iltutmish, the Sultan of Delhi. She was notable for being one of the few female rulers in Indian history.

Iltutmish ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1211 to 1236, which is approximately 25 years. This is confirmed by multiple authoritative sources including Encyclopaedia Britannica. Therefore, the correct answer is option B (25 years). The original question was about the duration of Iltutmish's rule, not a dynasty, so the answer 'None of these' is incorrect.

The Slave Dynasty ruled India from 1206 to 1290 CE, which is approximately 82 years. Therefore, option A (82 years) is the correct answer.

The Sur dynasty ruled northern India from 1540 to 1556, which totals approximately 16 years. This is confirmed by authoritative historical sources such as Encyclopaedia Britannica. Therefore, the correct answer is option B (16 years).

The Khilji dynasty ruled parts of India approximately from 1290 to 1320, which is about 30 years. This period marks their control over the Delhi Sultanate before being succeeded by the Tughlaq dynasty.

Mohammad Bin Tughlaq is historically credited with introducing leather token currency in India as an experiment to address coin shortages. This makes option B correct.

Sikandar Lodi was known as Sikandar-i-Sani, meaning 'Alexander the Second,' reflecting his ambition and military prowess. The other options did not use this title.

Muhammad bin Tughluq is historically credited with establishing the Dewan-i-Kohi, the department responsible for agriculture and irrigation during his reign. This administrative innovation aimed to improve agricultural productivity and revenue collection.

The title 'Hazrat-i-Ala' was associated with Alauddin Khilji, a ruler of the Khilji dynasty known for his strong administration and military campaigns. The other rulers listed did not commonly bear this title.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq is historically known for constructing an extensive network of canals in India, significantly improving irrigation and agriculture during his reign. This distinguishes him from other rulers listed, who are not credited with such large-scale canal building.

Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque in Ajmer was originally commissioned by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak in 1192 CE and completed in 1199 CE. It was built on the site of earlier Hindu and Jain temples that were partially destroyed. Although Sher Shah Suri renovated and enhanced the mosque later, the original commissioning and construction are attributed to Qutb-ud-Din Aibak, the Ghurid general and first Sultan of Delhi. Therefore, the correct answer is Qutub Din Aibak (B).

Ziauddin Barani is the author of Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi, a historical chronicle of the Delhi Sultanate during the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq. The other options wrote different historical or literary works.

Ghiyasuddin Balban, the ninth Sultan of Delhi from the Mamluk dynasty, assumed the title 'Zill-e-Ilahi' which means 'Shadow of God.' This title emphasized his divine right to rule and was part of his efforts to establish strong centralized authority and court discipline. Although the Mughal emperor Akbar also used a similar title, the specific title 'Zill-e-Ilahi' is historically attributed to Balban among the Delhi Sultanate rulers. The other options did not use this title.

“Tahqiq-i-Hind” is a famous scholarly work written by Al-Beruni, who was a renowned Persian scholar and historian. This work is a detailed study of Indian culture, science, and religion.

Razia Sultana was the first and only female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in India, making her the first woman ruler of India. The other options were influential women but did not rule as sovereigns.

The book "Kitab Al Hind" was written by Al-Biruni, a renowned Persian scholar, who documented the culture, science, and history of India during his travels. This makes option A the correct answer.

The Tughlaq Dynasty was founded in India in 1320 by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who established his rule over the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Khalji dynasty. This is the widely accepted historical date for the founding of the Tughlaq dynasty, making option C (1320) the correct answer. Option D (1326) is incorrect as the dynasty began ruling in 1320.

Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani was a prominent historian of the Delhi Sultanate but he was not a scholar in the court of Qutub-ud-din Aibak. He began his career in India under Sultan Iltutmish and later served Sultan Nasir-ud-din Mahmud. The great scholar associated with Qutub-ud-din Aibak's court was Hasan Nizami, a Persian poet and historian known for his work 'Taj-ul-Masir'. Amir Khusrau and Ziauddin Barani were notable scholars but associated with later rulers. Therefore, the correct answer is Hasan Nizami.

Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the founder of the Mamluk dynasty in India, is historically recorded to have died from injuries sustained while playing polo. The other kings listed did not die in such circumstances.

The first Afghan dynasty in India was the Lodi dynasty, founded by Bahlul Lodi in 1451. He was the first Lodhi ruler who established Afghan rule over the Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar Lodi and Ibrahim Lodi were later rulers of the same dynasty, but not its founder. Therefore, the correct answer is C, Bahlol Lodi.

Bahlul Khan Lodhi was the founder of the Lodhi dynasty in India, ruling from 1451 to 1489. Ibrahim Lodhi was his grandson and the last ruler of the dynasty. Therefore, option B is correct.

Qutub-ud-din Aibak died in October 1208. This is a well-documented historical fact, making option A the correct answer.

Shams-ud-din Altamash, also known as Iltutmish, was the third Sultan of Delhi and a prominent ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Authoritative historical sources including Encyclopaedia Britannica and Wikipedia confirm that he died in the year 1236. Therefore, the correct answer is option A (1236). The original question had the correct year in option A but incorrectly marked option C (1246) as the correct answer. This has been corrected accordingly.