Islamic History

Bait-e-Rizwan (also known as Bay'at ar-Ridwan) was the pledge taken by the companions of Prophet Muhammad to avenge the killing of Hazrat Zaid ibn Harithah (R.A), who was martyred during the expedition of Al-Muraysi. Therefore, the correct answer is Hazrat Zaid R.A.

Gambling (Maisir) was prohibited in Islam during the 2nd year after Hijra (2 A.H.) as mentioned in the Quran (Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:90). This marks the official ban on gambling.

Al-Mansur was the second Abbasid Caliph and is widely recognized as the real founder of the Abbasid Caliphate due to his role in consolidating power and establishing Baghdad as the capital. The other options are incorrect as Mamon and Jafar were not founders of the Abbasids, and 'None of these' is invalid since Al-Mansur is correct.

Marwan II (Marwan ibn Muhammad) was the last Umayyad caliph before the Abbasid revolution ended Umayyad rule in 750 CE. The other options were earlier Umayyad rulers or incorrect names.

The Fatimid Caliphate was established in Egypt in 909 CE, marking the beginning of their rule centered in North Africa and later Egypt. This makes Egypt the correct answer.

The Umayyad rule in Spain began with the establishment of the independent Emirate of Córdoba by Abd al-Rahman I in 756 CE and lasted until the fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031 CE. This period of independent Umayyad rule lasted approximately 275 years. However, the question likely refers specifically to the Emirate period before the Caliphate was declared in 929 CE, which lasted about 135 years (756–929). Among the given options, 135 years (option B) is the most accurate duration for the Umayyad Emirate period in Spain.

Hazrat Musab ibn Umair (RA) was the first preacher of Islam appointed by Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to teach and spread Islam among the people of Madina before the Hijrah. He played a crucial role in preparing the community for the Prophet's arrival.

Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, also known as Mehmed the Conqueror (Muhammad II Fateh), captured Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and a significant event in Islamic and world history.

Hazrat Ameer Muawiya RA is recognized as the founder of the Umayyad dynasty, as he established the dynasty's rule after becoming the Caliph and consolidating power.

Hazrat Musab ibn Umair (RA) was the first preacher of Islam appointed by Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to teach and spread Islam among the people of Madina before the Hijra. His role was crucial in preparing the community for the Prophet's arrival.

The original name of King Al-Najashi, the ruler of Abyssinia who gave refuge to early Muslims, was Armah. This is a well-documented historical fact in Islamic history.

Hazrat Abu Zar Ghafari (RA) belonged to the Banu Ghifar tribe of the Kinanah tribe and is historically recorded to have died around 651 AD. Therefore, option A is correct.

Fustat was founded by Amr bin Al-As in 641 AD as the first capital of Islamic Egypt. This is a well-documented historical fact in Islamic history.

Hazrat Abu Musa Ashari (R.A) was appointed by the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as the governor of Yemen (South Yemen). This is a well-known historical fact in Islamic studies.

The Year of Deputations refers to the 9th year of Hijri when many tribes and delegations came to meet Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Medina to learn about Islam and pledge allegiance. This is a well-known historical event in Islamic history.

The Rashidun Caliphate, also known as the Pious Caliphate, lasted approximately eighteen years, from 632 to 650 CE, covering the rule of the first four caliphs after Prophet Muhammad's death.

Amr ibn al-‘As and Abdullah bin Rabiah were the representatives of the Quraish delegation sent to the Negus, the ruler of Abyssinia, to demand the return of Muslim refugees. This is a well-documented historical event in early Islamic history.

The Suffah was the first institution in Islam, serving as a place where the Prophet Muhammad's companions lived, studied, and learned about Islam. It functioned as an early educational and social institution in the nascent Muslim community.

Kufa was made the capital of the Muslim Caliphate in the 35th year after Hijra during the rule of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib. This is a well-documented historical fact in Islamic history.

After the Battle of Yarmouk, Caliph Umar (RA) removed Khalid bin Waleed from supreme command and appointed Saad bin Abi Waqas (RA) as the new commander. This is historically documented in Islamic sources.

Khalid bin Waleed was removed from military command during the caliphate of Hazrat Umar Farooq (RA) in 15 A.H. This is a well-documented historical fact in Islamic history.

Imam Abu Hanifa (R.A) died in 767 CE (150 AH) during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur, who ruled from 754 to 775 CE. Harun al-Rashid ruled later, from 786 to 809 CE, so it is historically inaccurate to associate Abu Hanifa's death with Harun al-Rashid's reign. Therefore, the correct answer is Al-Mansur (C).

The Battle of Zalaca (also known as the Battle of Sagrajas) was fought in 1086 between Alfonso VI of Castile and Yusuf ibn Tashfin, the leader of the Almoravid dynasty. This battle was significant in the history of the Iberian Peninsula during the Reconquista.

Hazrat Umar (R.A) is widely regarded as having the most exemplary administration among the rightly guided caliphs due to his effective governance, justice, and expansion of the Islamic state. His leadership set high standards in administration and law.

The Treaty of Hudaibiya was written by Hazrat Usman (R.A) who was appointed by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to draft the treaty during the negotiations with the Quraysh.